328. Random Pick Index

Given an array of integers with possible duplicates, randomly output the index of a given target number. You can assume that the given target number must exist in the array.

Note: The array size can be very large. Solution that uses too much extra space will not pass the judge.

Example:

int[] nums = new int[] {1,2,3,3,3};
Solution solution = new Solution(nums);

// pick(3) should return either index 2, 3, or 4 randomly. Each index should have equal probability of returning.
solution.pick(3);

// pick(1) should return 0. Since in the array only nums[0] is equal to 1.
solution.pick(1);

class Solution {
public:
    // Reservoir Sampling
    Solution(vector<int>& nums) : v(nums) {
        srand(time(NULL));
    }
    
    int pick(int target) {
        int cnt = 0, res = -1;
        for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
            if (v[i] != target) continue;
            ++cnt;
            if (rand() % cnt == 0) res = i;
        }
        return res;
    }
private:
    vector<int> v;
};